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How Do Solid State Batteries Work?

By Alexander Fox
How Do Solid State Batteries Work? Featured Image

The big difference between solid-state batteries and other types of batteries is the use of solid electrolytes, rather than the liquid electrolytes used in other batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have seen technological advances, but experts widely believe that lithium-ion technology has reached the limits of its efficiency. The next step into the future requires a different type of battery, and that’s where solid-state batteries come into the picture.

Solid-state batteries are smaller, lighter, and provide greater power density than lithium-ion batteries based on liquid electrolytes. The main challenge to their widespread adoption has been the search for a solid electrolyte with sufficient conductive capacity for large batteries, as well as a manufacturing method that allows for economies of scale.

How Does a Battery Work?

All batteries have three primary parts: the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte. A battery works because charged ions want to travel from the cathode to the anode through the electrolyte. This happens because the carefully-chosen battery components create a chemical reaction that produces free electrons. As a result, a positive charge builds up on the battery’s cathode. This attracts the negatively charged free electrons from the anode. Those free electrons want to travel from anode to cathode. As they do, they power your device.

solid-state-batteries-diagram

Keep in mind that electrical and chemical forces always want to equalize. Picture a charged battery like a seesaw tilted in one direction. The charges want to slide down this plane until the reaction is equalized. Recharging moves all the ions back into their starting positions. Imagine charging as cranking up our unbalanced seesaw from the previous metaphor.

How Are Modern Batteries Better?

Only some materials are capable of working as batteries, so components have to be chosen very carefully based on their chemical properties. As a result, advancing battery tech either involves improving the efficiency of an existing battery material or discovering new materials that work better. And since we’ve looked in all the obvious places for battery improvements, now we have to start looking under the rocks of nanotechnology and material science. Solid-state batteries are one of the discoveries to come out of that process, using different electrolytes to achieve the same goal as any other type of battery, but faster, cheaper, and less prone to exploding.

solid-state-batteries-lithium-air-battery-diagram

The electrolyte best poised to replace lithium-ion batteries is a sodium-based glass electrolyte. According to researchers, a glass electrolyte produces a battery with three times the energy density of a lithium-ion battery. The sodium required for manufacturing these batteries is plentiful. This dramatically reduces the ecological impact of battery production.

How Are Solid-State Batteries Better?

solid-state-battery-technology

Solid-state batteries improve lithium-ion batteries by using a solid electrolyte in place of a liquid or polymer electrolyte. It just so happens that this change improves nearly all the battery’s characteristics. Solid-state batteries tick all the boxes of our fantasy battery tech. They’re lightweight, have a low environmental impact, use plentiful components, are less likely to catch fire, and offer more power.

The one problem is the manufacturing process. We’re still figuring out how to make these batteries cheaply and at scale. Right now, solid-state batteries are too expensive for widespread adoption. Fortunately, we’re very good at finding novel ways to make things more efficiently. Solid-state batteries should eventually yield to economies of scale and see broad adoption.

What Are the Uses for Solid-State Batteries?

solid-state-batteries-electric-car

Solid-state batteries can improve just about every device with a battery in it. They’re especially appealing to electric car manufacturers. Companies like Tesla essentially design a car around the battery. It’s the most important component, defining most of the car’s features. Industry analysts predict that the electric car will see widespread adoption only when the distance traveled between charges meets or exceeds that of gasoline-powered cars. Solid-state batteries just might be the ticket to that future.

Image credit: Battery with polymer separator

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Alexander Fox
Alexander Fox is a tech and science writer based in Philadelphia, PA with one cat, three Macs and more USB cables than he could ever use.

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